![]() Q.22 What are the features of severe conditions of overhydration? albumin can pass through the capillary membranes. ![]() Q.21 Can any of the plasma proteins pass through the capillary endothelium?Ĭapillary endothelium normally is impermeable to plasma proteins though in some diseases like glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, etc. Q.20 What is the average daily production of plasma proteins? Hypoproteinemia → decrease in capillary oncotic pressure→ decrease in filtration at the arterial end→ decrease in absorption of fluid at the venous end? abnormal collection of fluid in interstitial spaces → edema. Q.17 What is the normal concentration of plasma protein? Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood obtained without clotting while serum is the fluid obtained after clotting. Q.16 What is the difference between plasma and serum? Consumption of excess water (> 8 liters/ day).Underdeveloped kidney in the first month of infancy.Administration of large quantities of medications and fluids.It is the condition in which the water content in the body increases enormously. Q.14 What is overhydration (hyperhydration, water excess, or water intoxication)? Very severe dehydration: Damage of organs like brain, liver, and kidneys, mental depression, confusion, renal failure, and coma. Severe dehydration: Decrease in blood volume, decrease in cardiac output, and hypovolemic shock. Q.13 What are the features of severe and very severe dehydration? Interstitial fluid volume = ECF volume – Plasma volume. It is calculated from the values of ECF volume and plasma volume. Q.12 How is interstitial fluid volume measured? Plasma volume can be measured by using marker substances, which bind strongly with plasma proteins and do not diffuse into interstitium.Įxamples: Radioactive iodine (131I) and Evans blue (T-1824) Q.11 Which type of substance is used to measure plasma volume? Give examples. So, the ICF volume can be measured only by indirect method i.e., by measuring the volume of TBW and ECF. The volume of ICF cannot be measured directly because there is no substance, which can enter the cells without mixing with ECF. The measured volume of ECF by using these substances is called sodium space, chloride space, inulin space, or sucrose space. Some of the marker substances like sodium, chloride, inulin, and sucrose, which are used to measure ECF volume move widely throughout all the sub-compartments of ECF. Q.9 What are sodium space, chloride space, inulin space, and sucrose space? The substances which remain within the compartments of ECF and do not enter inside the cells are used to measure ECF volume.Įxamples: Radioactive ions of sodium, chloride, bromide, sulfate and thiosulfate, and nonmetabolizable saccharides like inulin, mannitol, and sucrose. Q.8 Which type of marker substances is used to measure ECF volume? Give examples. Examples: Deuterium oxide, tritium oxide, and antipyrine. The marker substances which can move freely into all the compartments of the body fluid are used to measure TBW. ![]() Q.7 Which type of marker substances is used to measure TBW? Give examples. Should not alter the volume of body fluid.Should not change the color of body fluid.Must mix well with fluid compartment within a reasonable time.Q.6 What are the qualities (characteristics) of the marker substance? Q.5 Name the method by which the volume of body fluids is measured. PH: The pH of ECF is 7.4 and that of ICF is 7.0. Volume: The quantity of ECF is less (18 liters) and that of ICF is more (22 liters) Q.4 What are the main differences between ECF and ICF?Ĭomposition: ECF contains more of sodium, chlorides, and bicarbonates whereas ICF contains more of potassium, magnesium, phosphates, sulfates, and proteins Transcellular fluid includes cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluid, digestive juices, serous fluid (like intrapleural fluid, pericardial fluid, and peritoneal fluid), synovial fluid, and fluid in the urinary tract. ![]() Q.3 How is ECF distributed? ECF is distributed in five subunits: Extracellular fluid (ECF) present outside the cells forming about 45% of TBW, i.e.Intracellular fluid (ICF) present inside the cells forming about 55% of the TBW, i.e.Normally, TBW is about 40 liters in a person weighing 70 kg. Q.1 How much is the volume of total body water (TBW) in a normal young adult? ![]()
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